Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been used in routine diagnostic applications and in research since the 1980s. In the following decades, as the clinical application of hybrid imaging has grown, SPECT–computed tomography (SPECT–CT) has demonstrated improved patient management and become fully integrated in the routine diagnostic approach to a variety of clinical indications, including both oncologic and non-oncologic diseases. This IAEA Human Health Series publication presents a review of the published data from recent applications of SPECT–CT across nine different clinical scenarios including neurology, orthopaedics, endocrinology and cardiology, to demonstrate the variety of hybrid imaging in nuclear medicine and support decision making when allocating resources in the health care system. It provides a relevant source of information for nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists and clinical practitioners.

In the context of the safe management of disused sealed radioactive sources, an important and emerging issue of immediate concern is the management of depleted uranium (DU) contained in radiation shielding materials, as potential radioactive waste. This publication presents relevant information on technical issues and factors, as well as specific Member State experiences leading to the identification of potential options for the management of DU shields. Various options for safe, secure and cost-effective solutions have been explored, ranging from returning to manufacturer, including reuse, recycling, storage and disposal in licensed facilities.

Nuclear energy and renewables are the two principal options for low carbon energy generation. However, synergies among these resources have yet to be fully exploited, and the advantages of directly integrating these generation options are being explored. Nuclear-renewable hybrid energy systems consider opportunities to couple these energy generation sources to leverage the benefits of each technology to provide reliable, sustainable electricity to the grid and to provide low carbon energy to other energy use sectors. This publication describes the potential use of nuclear and renewable generation in coordinated, and in some cases tightly coupled, configurations to support various applications beyond electricity production, including desalination, hydrogen production and district heating. Where available, case studies are presented to describe relevant market conditions and trends, and considerations for implementation are outlined, including gaps that require additional technology and regulatory developments.

The International Project on Complimentary Safety Reports, Development and Application to Waste Management Facilities (CRAFT) was established, in part, to illustrate the use and application of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSG-3, The Safety Case and Safety Assessment for the Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste, its methodology and associated tools. This publication presents the results of the CRAFT project and provides detail to supplement current IAEA safety standards for addressing the demonstration of safety for representative facilities and activities associated with the predisposal management of radioactive waste.

Legacy sites are areas contaminated by residual radioactive material deriving from past activities or events that may pose risks to health and safety or the environment, and present technical or administrative challenges to timely remediation. Established in 2010, the International Working Forum on Regulatory Supervision of Legacy Sites (RSLS) aims to promote effective and efficient regulatory supervision of the management of legacy sites, consistent with the IAEA safety standards and good international practices. Intended for use by regulators and operators, this publication presents a summary of activities and outcomes of the first decade of the RSLS with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the concept of ‘legacy sites' and the challenges inherent in their management. It focuses on uranium legacy sites including mines and mills and provides examples of regulatory practices adopted by IAEA Member States. It details key lessons on successful regulatory practices of Member States for managing existing, and preventing future, legacy sites, through the establishment of an efficient national regulatory framework, establishment of clearly defined remediation criteria, requirements necessary to ensure safe remediation, and the importance of and key strategies for engaging stakeholders.

Computer security in the nuclear supply chain is an important element of risk management. Nuclear facilities and operations rely upon complex networks of suppliers, vendors, and integrators to provide digital technology, services, and support. This provides a supply chain attack surface that may be exploited to compromise nuclear facilities, operations, and secure environments. Compromise of the supply chain may provide a means to circumvent computer security measures that are in place to protect these critical systems, therefore a defence-in-depth approach that involves people, processes, and technology is needed.
The purpose of this publication is to assist Member States in raising awareness of cyber risks in the nuclear supply chain and help to identify critical issues and mitigation techniques. The aim is to reduce the supply chain attack surface by providing information, good practices, and mitigation techniques through all phases of the supply chain including design, hardware and software development, testing, transportation, installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning of nuclear computer-based systems.