改良土壤和养分管理实践提高老挝水稻产量

水稻是老挝人民民主共和国(老挝)的主要主食作物,对粮食安全和就业至关重要。

在农民田间的水稻示范试验。(照片来源:M. Zaman/原子能机构)

水稻是老挝人民民主共和国(老挝)的主要主食作物,对粮食安全和就业至关重要。该国80%以上的农民种植水稻,水稻种植面积约占该国耕地面积的60%。然而,老挝的山区地形、季风频繁的热带气候、土壤侵蚀、合适水稻品种的缺乏加上肥料的使用不足限制了水稻产量,威胁着这个农业社会的生计。由于该国72%的水稻种植面积依赖自然降雨,预计气候变化状况下日益多变的降雨模式将对水稻生产产生破坏性影响。

原子能机构与联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)合作,通过使用核技术(见稳定同位素技术)确定的更佳土壤和养分管理做法,支持老挝农民将水稻产量提高了60%。在农民田间进行的试验表明,通过优化施用化肥和粪肥,水稻产量从每公顷3.16吨增加到5.1吨。               

万象省萨纳卡姆地区的农民Somphet Siphandone说,“我采用这些做法已三年了。”他参与了一个将利用核技术获得的科学发现付诸实践的试点项目。“与我们的传统做法相比,我的产量增加了60%。  我们通过培训引入了高效和有效的农业技术,它们在我们的田间表现良好。得益于这一计划,我们的抗气候能力提高,收成增加。”

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通过改良土壤和养分实践提高水稻产量。

原子能机构通过技术合作计划培训研究人员使用氮的稳定同位素氮-15(15N)来量化植物从肥料中吸收的氮数量,然后确定农民在作物生命的不同阶段应当施用的肥料的精确数量,以及如何最好地将当地可得的稻草和动物粪便作为养分来源。

根据这些结果,并作为支持的一部分,原子能机构和粮农组织的专家帮助当地专家为农民和与他们协作的农业官员制定了一套“水稻生产导则”(或规程)。该导则提供最佳的土壤和养分管理实践,系基于使用同位素技术获得的结果编写。

为了影响更多的农民和传播最佳做法,原子能机构与国家农林和农村发展研究所的专家利用“水稻生产导则”中所载的信息,为农民编写了一本易于使用的老挝语小册子。迄今,来自万象省四个村庄的57名农民已在这一计划的试点阶段接受了培训。

 “这本农民小册子载有从准备水稻播种土地直至水稻收获的一整套技术,”粮农组织/原子能机构粮农核技术联合计划的土壤科学家Mohammad Zaman说。“这本小册子是一个工具箱,告诉农民从整地到施肥、杂草管理、昆虫防治和最后的及时收获都该怎么做。”

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原子能机构专家对研究人员、推广人员和农业官员进行培训。(照片来源:M. Zaman/原子能机构)

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Increase in rice yield by improved soil and nutrient practices.

The IAEA, through its technical cooperation programme, has trained researchers in using nitrogen-15 (15N), a stable isotope of nitrogen, to quantify the amount of nitrogen plants take up from fertilizers, and then determined the precise amount of fertilizer that farmers should use at various stages of the crop’s life as well as how best to incorporate locally available rice straw and animal manure as a source of nutrients.

Based on those results and as part of the support, IAEA and FAO experts helped local specialists develop a set of Rice Production Guidelines – or protocol – for farmers and agriculture officers working with them. The guidelines provide best soil and nutrient management practices and are based on results obtained with the use of isotopic techniques.

To reach more farmers and disseminate best practices, the IAEA and the experts from the National Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development Research Institute (NAFRI) developed an easy-to-use brochure for farmers, using information contained in the Rice Production Guidelines, in the Laotian language. So far, 57 farmers from four villages in Vientiane province have been trained in the pilot phase of the programme.

 “This farmer’s brochure is a complete package of technology right from preparing the land for rice sowing until its harvest,” said Mohammad Zaman, a soil scientist in the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. “The brochure is a toolbox that shows farmers what to do, from preparing the land to applying fertilizer, weed management, insect management and, lastly, a timely harvest.”

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Training of researchers, extension workers and agriculture officers by IAEA experts. (Photo: M. Zaman/IAEA)