利用同位素技术进行的研究发现菲律宾城市的水可安全饮用

这座拥有25万人口的城市的饮用水是安全的,并且定期补给,也没有受到海洋的威胁。

同位素技术已证实这些男孩身后水箱中的城市用水以及塔克洛班新社区许多街道上的城市用水可安全饮用。(照片来源:M. Gaspar/原子能机构)

菲律宾塔克洛班 – 这座拥有25万人口的城市的饮用水是安全的,并且定期补给,也没有受到海洋的威胁。听上去很简单?这个结论是经过数年的研究和数千份水样的分析才得出的,并且需要菲律宾核研究所研究人员在原子能机构和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)的支持下使用了同位素技术。

2013年,世界上最强热带风暴台风“海燕”引发的风暴潮摧毁了这座城市的大部分地方,造成数千人死亡,当地政府面临着艰巨的重建任务,包括将人们从洪水最易发地区转移出去。但冲走建筑物和人的海浪是不是本可以到达该市的水库?

存在着风暴潮可能已经污染作为该市主要水源的含水层 – 含有地下水的地下可渗透岩石层 – 的危险。盐和其他洪水携载的污染物,包括来自动物和人类尸体的有机物,可能已使这些水不适合消费。菲律宾核研究所求助于原子能机构技术合作计划,以协助使用同位素技术来表征含水层。

并非所有水分子都生而相等

虽然所有的水分子都由一个氧原子和两个氢原子组成,但其中只有很小百分比的原子在其原子核中有额外的中子。确切的百分比取决于水的年龄和来源。因此,对地下水同位素组成的分析使研究人员能够发现含水层是否正在得到补给,即从雨水中接收定期剂量的“新”水。

科学家们建立了32个地下水监测站,并使用常规技术和核技术对水进行表征。他们发现了极少的钠和氯化物,从而得出了海水没有进入含水层的结论。他们还发现,含水层中水的同位素组成接近当今的雨水,这意味着该市的供水没有消失的危险,领导这个项目的菲律宾核研究所高级研究人员Raymond Sucgang解释说。“塔克洛班是一个正在不断增长的城市,经济也在不断增长,所以知道它的地下水正在从雨水得到补给是令人欣慰的,”他说。

水中氮和有机物的浓度非常低,这表明没有发生生物污染。“这些潜在污染物可能在到达地下水之前就已经衰变了,”Sucgang说。

项目的下一步是由菲律宾核研究所测定确切的水补给速度,并在此基础上向当地政府提出保护该市供水的政策建议,Sucgang说。“知道没有直接危险这一点很好,但仍需要有促进可持续用水的政策,”他补充说。

Not all water molecules are created equal

While all water molecules consist of an oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, a small percentage of these atoms have extra neutrons in their nucleus. Exactly what percentage depends on the age and source of the water. Therefore, an analysis of the isotopic makeup of the groundwater enables researchers to find out whether the aquifer is getting recharged, i.e. receiving a regular dose of “new” water from rain.

The scientists set up 32 monitoring stations for groundwater and used both conventional and nuclear techniques for the characterization of the water. They found very little sodium and chloride – thereby concluding that seawater did not enter the aquifer. They also found that the isotopic composition of the water in the aquifer is close to that of today’s rainwater – which meant that the city’s water supply was not in danger of disappearing, explained Raymond Sucgang, a senior researcher with PNRI who led the project. “Tacloban is a growing city with a growing economy, so it is comforting to know that its groundwater is getting replenished from rain,” he said.

The concentration of nitrogen and organic matter in the water is very low – which indicates that no biological contamination occurred. “These potential contaminants probably decayed before they could get to the groundwater,” Sucgang said.

The next step in the project is for PRNI to determine the exact rate of water recharge, and based on that make policy recommendations to the local government for the protection of the city’s water supply, Sucgang said. “It’s good to know that there is no immediate danger, but policy for sustainable water use is still required,” he added.